C Library Header – wctype

The header <wctype.h> defines set of functions used to classify wide characters by their types or to convert between upper and lower case.

The < wctype.h> header shall define the following macro constant:

WEOF	Wide End-of-File

The < wctype.h> header shall define the following function:
Character Classification:

iswalnum	checks if a wide character is alphanumeric (C95)
iswalpha	checks if a wide character is alphabetic (C95)
iswlower	checks if a wide character is an lowercase character (C95)
iswupper	checks if a wide character is an uppercase character (C95)
iswdigit	checks if a wide character is a digit (C95)
iswxdigit	checks if a character is a hexadecimal character (C95)
iswcntrl	checks if a wide character is a control character (C95)
iswgraph	checks if a wide character is a graphical character (C95)
iswspace	checks if a wide character is a space character (C95)
iswblank	checks if a wide character is a blank character (C99)
iswprint	checks if a wide character is a printing character (C95)
iswpunct	checks if a wide character is a punctuation character (C95)
iswctype	classifies a wide character according to the specified LC_CTYPE category (C95)
wctype	looks up a character classification category in the current C locale (C95)

Character Manipulation:

towlower	converts a wide character to lowercase (C95)
towupper	converts a wide character to uppercase (C95)
towctrans	performs character mapping according to the specified LC_CTYPE mapping category (C95)
wctrans	looks up a character mapping category in the current C locale (C95)

The < wctype.h> header shall define the following type:

wchar_t	integer type that can hold any valid wide character
wint_t	integer type that can hold any valid wide character and at least one more value (C95)
wctrans_t	scalar type that holds locale-specific character mapping (C95)
wctype_t	scalar type that holds locale-specific character classification (C95)

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C Library Header – wchar

The header <wchar.h> defines wide string handling functions.

The <wchar.h> header shall define the following macro constants:

WEOF	a non-character value of type wint_t used to indicate errors (C95)
WCHAR_MIN	the smallest valid value of wchar_t (C95)
WCHAR_MAX	the largest valid value of wchar_t (C95)

The <wchar.h> header shall define the following functions:
Input/Output:

fgetwc	Get wide character from stream
fgetws	Get wide string from stream
fputwc	Write wide character to stream
fputws	Write wide string to stream
fwide	Stream orientation
fwprintf	Write formatted data to stream
fwscanf	Read formatted data from stream
getwc	Get wide character from stream
getwchar	Get wide character from stdin
putwc	Write wide character to stream
putwchar	Write wide character to stdout
swprintf	Write formatted data to wide string
swscanf	Read formatted data from string
ungetwc	Unget wide character from stream
vfwprintf	Write formatted data from variable argument list to stream
vfwscanf	Read formatted data from stream into variable argument list (C11)
vswprintf	Write formatted data from variable argument list to sized buffer (C11)
vswscanf	Read formatted data from wide string into variable argument list (C11)
vwprintf	Print formatted data from variable argument list to stdout
vwscanf	Read formatted data into variable argument list (C11)
wprintf	Print formatted data to stdout
wscanf	Read formatted data from stdin

General Utilities:

wcstol(C95) wcstoll(C99)	converts a wide string to an integer value
wcstoul(C95) wcstoull(C99)	converts a wide string to an unsigned integer value
wcstof(C99) wcstod(C95) wcstold(C99)	converts a wide string to a floating point value
btowc	Convert single byte character to wide character
mbrlen	Get length of multibyte character
mbrtowc	Convert multibyte sequence to wide character
mbsinit	Check if initial conversion state
mbsrtowcs	Convert multibyte string to wide-character string
wcrtomb	Convert wide character to multibyte sequence
wctob	Convert wide character to single byte
wcsrtombs	Convert wide-character string to multibyte string

Strings:

wcscpy(C95) wcscpy_s(C11)	copies one wide string to another
wcsncpy(C95) wcsncpy_s(C11)	copies a certain amount of wide characters from one string to another
wcscat(C95) wcscat_s(C11)	appends a copy of one wide string to another
wcsncat(C95) wcsncat_s(C11)	appends a certain amount of wide characters from one wide string to another
wcsxfrm	transform a wide string so that wcscmp would produce the same result as wcscoll (C95)
wcslen(C95) wcsnlen_s(C11)	returns the length of a wide string
wcscmp	compares two wide strings (C95)
wcsncmp	compares a certain amount of characters from two wide strings (C95)
wcscoll	compares two wide strings in accordance to the current locale (C95)
wcschr	finds the first occurrence of a wide character in a wide string (C95)
wcsrchr	finds the last occurrence of a wide character in a wide string (C95)
wcsspn	returns the length of the maximum initial segment that consists of only the wide characters found in another wide string (C95)
wcscspn	returns the length of the maximum initial segment that consists of only the wide chars not found in another wide string (C95)
wcspbrk	finds the first location of any wide character in one wide string, in another wide string (C95)
wcsstr	finds the first occurrence of a wide string within another wide string (C95)
wcstok(C95) wcstok_s(C11)	finds the next token in a wide string

Wide character array manipulation:

wmemcpy(C95) wmemcpy_s(C11)	copies a certain amount of wide characters between two non-overlapping arrays
wmemmove(C95) wmemmove_s(C11)	copies a certain amount of wide characters between two, possibly overlapping, arrays
wmemcmp	compares a certain amount of wide characters from two arrays (C95)
wmemchr	finds the first occurrence of a wide character in a wide character array (C95)
wmemset	copies the given wide character to every position in a wide character array (C95)

Time:

wcsftime

Format time as wide string

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C Library Header – uchar

The header <uchar.h> provides types and functions for manipulating Unicode characters.

The <uchar.h> header shall define the following macro constants:

__STDC_UTF_16__	indicates that UTF-16 encoding is used by mbrtoc16 and c16rtomb (C11)
__STDC_UTF_32__	indicates that UTF-32 encoding is used by mbrtoc32 and c32rtomb (C11)

The <uchar.h> header shall define the following functions:

mbrtoc16	generate the next 16-bit wide character from a narrow multibyte string (C11)
c16rtomb	convert a 16-bit wide character to narrow multibyte string (C11)
mbrtoc32	generate the next 32-bit wide character from a narrow multibyte string (C11)
c32rtomb	convert a 32-bit wide character to narrow multibyte string (C11)

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C Library Header – time

The <time.h> header provides several functions useful for reading and converting the current time and date.

The <time.h> header shall define the following macro constant:

CLOCKS_PER_SEC

number of processor clock ticks per second

The <time.h> header shall define the following function:
Time manipulation:

difftime	computes the difference between times
time	returns the current calendar time of the system as time since epoch
clock	returns raw processor clock time since the program is started
timespec_get	returns the calendar time based on a given time base (C11)

Conversion:

asctime asctime_s(C11)	converts a tm object to a textual representation
ctime ctime_s(C11)	converts a time_t object to a textual representation
strftime	converts a tm object to custom textual representation (function)
gmtime gmtime_s(C11)	converts time since epoch to calendar time expressed as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
localtime localtime_s(C11)	converts time since epoch to calendar time expressed as local time
mktime	converts calendar time to time since epoch

The <time.h> header shall define the following type:

tm	calendar time type (struct)
time_t	calendar time since epoch type
clock_t	processor time since era type
timespec	time in seconds and nanoseconds (struct)(C11)

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C Library Header – threads

The <threads.h> header defines functions for managing multiple Threads as well as mutexes and condition variables.

The <threads.h> header shall define the following macro constants:

thrd_success thrd_timedout thrd_busy thrd_nomem thrd_error	indicates a thread error status (C11)
thread_local	thread local type macro (C11)
TSS_DTOR_ITERATIONS	maximum number of times destructors are called (C11)

The <threads.h> header shall define the following functions:

thrd_create	creates a thread (C11)
thrd_equal	checks if two identifiers refer to the same thread (C11)
thrd_current	obtains the current thread identifier (C11)
thrd_sleep	suspends execution of the calling thread for the given period of time (C11)
thrd_yield	yields the current time slice (C11)
thrd_exit	terminates the calling thread (C11)
thrd_detach	detaches a thread (C11)
thrd_join	blocks until a thread terminates (C11)
mtx_init	creates a mutex (C11)
mtx_lock	blocks until locks a mutex (C11)
mtx_timedlock	blocks until locks a mutex or times out (C11)
mtx_trylock	locks a mutex or returns without blocking if already locked (C11)
mtx_unlock	unlocks a mutex (C11)
mtx_destroy	destroys a mutex (C11)
cnd_init	creates a condition variable (C11)
cnd_signal	unblocks one thread blocked on a condition variable (C11)
cnd_broadcast	unblocks all threads blocked on a condition variable (C11)
cnd_wait	blocks on a condition variable (C11)
cnd_timedwait	blocks on a condition variable, with a timeout (C11)
cnd_destroy	destroys a condition variable (C11)
tss_create	creates thread-specific storage pointer with a given destructor (C11)
tss_get	reads from thread-specific storage (C11)
tss_set	write to thread-specific storage (C11)
tss_delete	releases the resources held by a given thread-specific pointer (C11)

The <threads.h> header shall define the following type:

thrd_t	implementation-defined complete object type identifying a thread
thrd_start_t	a typedef of the function pointer type int(*)(void*), used by thrd_create (C11)
mtx_t	mutex identifier
mtx_plain mtx_recursive mtx_timed	defines the type of a mutex (enum)(C11)
cnd_t	condition variable identifier
tss_t	thread-specific storage pointer
tss_dtor_t	function pointer type void(*)(void*), used for TSS destructor

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C Library Header – tgmath

The <tgmath.h> header defines a type-generic macro for each mathematical function defined in <math.h> and <complex.h>.

The <tgmath.h> header shall define the following macros:

For all functions that have both real and complex counterparts, a type-generic macro XXX exists.

Type-generic macro	Real function variants			Complex function variants
	float	double	long double	float	double	long double
fabs	fabsf	fabs	fabsl	cabsf	cabs	cabsl
exp	expf	exp	expl	cexpf	cexp	cexpl
log	logf	log	logl	clogf	clog	clogl
pow	powf	pow	powl	cpowf	cpow	cpowl
sqrt	sqrtf	sqrt	sqrtl	csqrtf	csqrt	csqrtl
sin	sinf	sin	sinl	csinf	csin	csinl
cos	cosf	cos	cosl	ccosf	ccos	ccosl
tan	tanf	tan	tanl	ctanf	ctan	ctanl
asin	asinf	asin	asinl	casinf	casin	casinl
acos	acosf	acos	acosl	cacosf	cacos	cacosl
atan	atanf	atan	atanl	catanf	catan	catanl
sinh	sinhf	sinh	sinhl	csinhf	csinh	csinhl
cosh	coshf	cosh	coshl	ccoshf	ccosh	ccoshl
tanh	tanhf	tanh	tanhl	ctanhf	ctanh	ctanhl
asinh	asinhf	asinh	asinhl	casinhf	casinh	casinhl
acosh	acoshf	acosh	acoshl	cacoshf	cacosh	cacoshl
atanh	atanhf	atanh	atanhl	catanhf	catanh	catanhl

For all functions that do not have complex counterparts, a type-generic macro XXX exists.

Type-generic macro	Real function variants
	float	double	long double
atan2	atan2f	atan2	atan2l
cbrt	cbrtf	cbrt	cbrtl
ceil	ceilf	ceil	ceill
copysign	copysignf	copysign	copysignl
erf	erff	erf	erfl
erfc	erfcf	erfc	erfcl
exp2	exp2f	exp2	exp2l
expm1	expm1f	expm1	expm1l
fdim	fdimf	fdim	fdiml
floor	floorf	floor	floorl
fma	fmaf	fma	fmal
fmax	fmaxf	fmax	fmaxl
fmin	fminf	fmin	fminl
fmod	fmodf	fmod	fmodl
frexp	frexpf	frexp	frexpl
hypot	hypotf	hypot	hypotl
ilogb	ilogbf	ilogb	ilogbl
ldexp	ldexpf	ldexp	ldexpl
lgamma	lgammaf	lgamma	lgammal
llrint	llrintf	llrint	llrintl
llround	llroundf	llround	llroundl
log10	log10f	log10	log10l
log1p	log1pf	log1p	log1pl
log2	log2f	log2	log2l
logb	logbf	logb	logbl
lrint	lrintf	lrint	lrintl
lround	lroundf	lround	lroundl
nearbyint	nearbyintf	nearbyint	nearbyintl
nextafter	nextafterf	nextafter	nextafterl
nexttoward	nexttowardf	nexttoward	nexttowardl
remainder	remainderf	remainder	remainderl
remquo	remquof	remquo	remquol
rint	rintf	rint	rintl
round	roundf	round	roundl
scalbln	scalblnf	scalbln	scalblnl
scalbn	scalbnf	scalbn	scalbnl
tgamma	tgammaf	tgamma	tgammal
trunc	truncf	trunc	truncl

For all complex number functions that do not have real counterparts, a type-generic macro cXXX exists.

Type-generic macro	Complex function variants
	float	double	long double
carg	cargf	carg	cargl
conj	conjf	conj	conjl
creal	crealf	creal	creall
cimag	cimagf	cimag	cimagl
cproj	cprojf	cproj	cprojl

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C Library Header – string

The <string.h> header provides many functions useful for manipulating strings (character arrays).

The <string.h> header shall define the following macros:

NULL	Null pointer

The <string.h> header shall define the following function:
String manipulation:

strcpy strcpy_s(C11)	copies one string to another
strncpy strncpy_s(C11)	copies a certain amount of characters from one string to another
strcat strcat_s(C11)	concatenates two strings
strncat strncat_s(C11)	concatenates a certain amount of characters of two strings
strxfrm	transform a string so that strcmp would produce the same result as strcoll

String examination:

strlen strnlen_s(C11)	returns the length of a given string
strcmp	compares two strings
strncmp	compares a certain amount of characters of two strings
strcoll	compares two strings in accordance to the current locale
strchr	finds the first occurrence of a character
strrchr	finds the last occurrence of a character
strspn	returns the length of the maximum initial segment that consists of only the characters found in another byte string
strcspn	returns the length of the maximum initial segment that consists of only the characters not found in another byte string
strpbrk	finds the first location of any character in one string, in another string
strstr	finds the first occurrence of a substring of characters
strtok strtok_s(C11)	finds the next token in a byte string

Memory manipulation:

memchr	searches an array for the first occurrence of a character
memcmp	compares two buffers
memset memset_s(C11)	fills a buffer with a character
memcpy memcpy_s(C11)	copies one buffer to another
memmove memmove_s(C11)	moves one buffer to another

Miscellaneous:

strerror strerror_s(C11) strerrorlen_s(C11)

returns a text version of a given error code

The <string.h> header shall define the following type:

size_t

Unsigned integral type

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C Library Header – stdnoreturn

The <stdnoreturn.h> header for specifying non-returning functions.

The < stdnoreturn.h> header shall define the following macro constant:

noreturn

convenience macro, expands to _Noreturn (C11)

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C Library Header – stdlib

The <stdlib.h> header defines several general operation functions and macros.

The <stdlib.h> header shall define the following macro constant:

EXIT_SUCCESS EXIT_FAILURE	indicates program execution execution status
MB_CUR_MAX	Maximum size of multibyte characters
NULL	Null pointer
RAND_MAX	maximum possible value generated by rand()

The <stdlib.h> header shall define the following functions:
String conversion:

atof	converts a byte string to a floating point value
atoi atol atoll	converts a byte string to an integer value int, long, long long(C99)
strtol strtoll	converts a byte string to an integer value long, long long(C99)
strtoul strtoull	converts a byte string to an unsigned integer value long, long long(C99)
strtof strtod strtold	converts a byte string to a floating point value float(C99), double, long double(C99)

Pseudo-random sequence generation:

rand	generates a pseudo-random number
srand	seeds pseudo-random number generator

Dynamic memory management:

malloc	allocates memory
calloc	allocates and zeroes memory
realloc	expands previously allocated memory block
free	deallocates previously allocated memory
aligned_alloc	allocates aligned memory (C11)

Environment:

abort	causes abnormal program termination (without cleaning up)
exit	causes normal program termination with cleaning up
quick_exit	causes normal program termination without completely cleaning up (C11)
_Exit	causes normal program termination without cleaning up (C99)
atexit	registers a function to be called on exit() invocation
at_quick_exit	registers a function to be called on quick_exit invocation (C11)
system	calls the host environment's command processor
getenv getenv_s(C11)	access to the list of environment variables

Searching and sorting:

bsearch	Binary search in array
qsort	Sort elements of array

Integer arithmetics:

abs	Absolute value
div	Integral division
labs	Absolute value
ldiv	Integral division
llabs	Absolute value
lldiv	Integral division

Multi-byte characters:

mblen	returns the number of bytes in the next multibyte character
mbtowc	converts the next multibyte character to wide character
wctomb wctomb_s(C11)	converts a wide character to its multibyte representation

Multibyte strings:

mbstowcs mbstowcs_s(C11)	converts a narrow multibyte character string to wide string
wcstombs wcstombs_s(C11)	converts a wide string to narrow multibyte character string

The <stdlib.h> header shall define the following type:

div_t	Structure returned by div(struct)
ldiv_t	Structure returned by ldiv(struct)
lldiv_t	Structure returned by lldiv(struct)
size_t	Unsigned integral type

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C Library Header – stdio

The <stdio.h> header provides functions for performing input and output.

The <stdio.h> header shall define the following macro constant:

EOF	A negative integer of type int used to indicate end-of-file conditions
BUFSIZ	An integer which is the size of the buffer used by the setbuf() function
FILENAME_MAX	The size of a char array which is large enough to store the name of any file that can be opened
FOPEN_MAX	The number of files that may be open simultaneously; will be at least eight
_IOFBF	An abbreviation for "input/output fully buffered"; it is an integer which may be passed to the setvbuf() function to request block buffered input and output for an open stream
_IOLBF	An abbreviation for "input/output line buffered"; it is an integer which may be passed to the setvbuf() function to request line buffered input and output for an open stream
_IONBF	An abbreviation for "input/output not buffered"; it is an integer which may be passed to the setvbuf() function to request unbuffered input and output for an open stream
stdin	expression of type FILE* associated with the input stream
stdout	expression of type FILE* associated with the output stream
stderr	expression of type FILE* associated with the error output stream
NULL	A macro expanding to the null pointer constant; that is, a constant representing a pointer value which is guaranteed not to be a valid address of an object in memory
SEEK_CUR	An integer which may be passed to the fseek() function to request positioning relative to the current file position
SEEK_END	An integer which may be passed to the fseek() function to request positioning relative to the end of the file
SEEK_SET	An integer which may be passed to the fseek() function to request positioning relative to the beginning of the file
TMP_MAX	The maximum number of unique filenames generable by the tmpnam() function; will be at least 25
TMP_MAX_S	maximum number of unique filenames that can be generated by tmpnam_s(C11)
L_tmpnam	The size of a char array which is large enough to store a temporary filename generated by the tmpnam() function
L_tmpnam_s	size needed for an array of char to hold the result of tmpnam_s

The <stdio.h> header shall define the following functions:
Operations on files:

remove	erases a file
rename	renames a file
tmpfile tmpfile_s	returns a pointer to a temporary file (C11)
tmpnam tmpnam_s	returns a unique filename (C11)

File access:

fopen fopen_s(C11)	opens a file
freopen freopen_s(C11)	open an existing stream with a different name
fclose	closes a file
fflush	synchronizes an output stream with the actual file
setbuf	sets the buffer for a file stream
setvbuf	sets the buffer and its size for a file stream

Formatted input/output:

scanf fscanf sscanf scanf_s(C11) fscanf_s(C11) sscanf_s(C11)	reads formatted input from stdin, a file stream or a buffer
vscanf(C99) vfscanf(C99) vsscanf(C99) vscanf_s(C11) vfscanf_s(C11) vsscanf_s(C11)	reads formatted input from stdin, a file stream or a buffer using variable argument list
printf fprintf sprint snprintf(C99) printf_s(C11) fprintf_s(C11) sprintf_s(C11) snprintf_s(C11)	prints formatted output to stdout, a file stream or a buffer
vprintf vfprintf vsprintf vsnprintf(C99) vprintf_s(C11) vfprintf_s(C11) vsprintf_s(C11) vsnprintf_s(C11)	prints formatted output to stdout, a file stream or a buffer using variable argument list

Character input/output:

fgetc getc	gets a character from a file stream
fgets	gets a character string from a file stream
fputc putc	writes a character to a file stream
fputs	writes a character string to a file stream
getchar	reads a character from stdin
gets gets_s(C11)	reads a character string from stdin
putchar	writes a character to stdout
puts	writes a character string to stdout
ungetc	puts a character back into a file stream

Direct input/output:

fread	reads from a file
fwrite	writes to a file

File positioning:

ftell	returns the current file position indicator
fgetpos	gets the file position indicator
fseek	moves the file position indicator to a specific location in a file
fsetpos	moves the file position indicator to a specific location in a file
rewind	moves the file position indicator to the beginning in a file

Error-handling:

clearerr	clears errors
feof	checks for the end-of-file
ferror	checks for a file error
perror	displays a character string corresponding of the current error to stderr

The <stdio.h> header shall define the following type:

FILE	type, capable of holding all information needed to control a C I/O stream
fpos_t	type, capable of uniquely specifying a position and mutibyte parser state in a file
size_t	Unsigned integral type

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C Library Header – stdint

The <stdint.h> header defines exact width integer types.

The <stdint.h> header shall define the following macro constants:

INT8_MIN INT16_MIN INT32_MIN INT64_MIN	minimum value of an object of type int8_t, int16_t, int32_t, int64_t (C99)
INT8_MAX INT16_MAX INT32_MAX INT64_MAX	maximum value of an object of type int8_t, int16_t, int32_t, int64_t(C99)
UINT8_MAX UINT16_MAX UINT32_MAX UINT64_MAX	maximum value of an object of type uint8_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint64_t (C99)
INT_FAST8_MIN INT_FAST16_MIN INT_FAST32_MIN INT_FAST64_MIN	minimum value of an object of type int_fast8_t, int_fast16_t, int_fast32_t, int_fast64_t (C99)
INT_FAST8_MAX INT_FAST16_MAX INT_FAST32_MAX INT_FAST64_MAX	maximum value of an object of type int_fast8_t, int_fast16_t, int_fast32_t, int_fast64_t(C99)
UINT_FAST8_MAX UINT_FAST16_MAX UINT_FAST32_MAX UINT_FAST64_MAX	maximum value of an object of type uint_fast8_t, uint_fast16_t, uint_fast32_t, uint_fast64_t (C99)
INT_LEAST8_MIN INT_LEAST16_MIN INT_LEAST32_MIN INT_LEAST64_MIN	minimum value of an object of type int_least8_t, int_least16_t, int_least32_t, int_least64_t (C99)
INT_LEAST8_MAX INT_LEAST16_MAX INT_LEAST32_MAX INT_LEAST64_MAX	maximum value of an object of type int_least8_t, int_least16_t, int_least32_t, int_least64_t(C99)
UINT_LEAST8_MAX UINT_LEAST16_MAX UINT_LEAST32_MAX UINT_LEAST64_MAX	maximum value of an object of type uint_least8_t, uint_least16_t, uint_least32_t, uint_least64_t(C99)
INTPTR_MIN	minimum value of an object of type intptr_t (C99)
INTPTR_MAX	maximum value of an object of type intptr_t (C99)
UINTPTR_MAX	maximum value of an object of type uintptr_t (C99)
INTMAX_MIN	minimum value of an object of type intmax_t (C99)
INTMAX_MAX	maximum value of an object of type intmax_t (C99)
UINTMAX_MAX	maximum value of an object of type uintmax_t (C99)

The <stdint.h> header shall define the following functions:

INT8_C INT16_C INT32_C INT64_C	expands to an integer constant expression having the value specified by its argument and the type int_least8_t, int_least16_t, int_least32_t, int_least64_t respectively (function macro) (C99)
UINT8_C UINT16_C UINT32_C UINT64_C	expands to an integer constant expression having the value specified by its argument and the type uint_least8_t, uint_least16_t, uint_least32_t, uint_least64_t respectively (function macro) (C99)
INTMAX_C	expands to an integer constant expression having the value specified by its argument and the type intmax_t (function macro) (C99)
UINTMAX_C	expands to an integer constant expression having the value specified by its argument and the type uintmax_t (function macro) (C99)

The <stdint.h> header shall define the following type:

int8_t int16_t int32_t int64_t	signed integer type with width of exactly 8, 16, 32 and 64 bits respectively with no padding bits and using 2's complement for negative values (provided only if the implementation directly supports the type) (C99)
uint8_t uint16_t uint32_t uint64_t	unsigned integer type with width of exactly 8, 16, 32 and 64 bits respectively (provided only if the implementation directly supports the type) (C99)
int_fast8_t int_fast16_t int_fast32_t int_fast64_t	fastest signed integer type with width of at least 8, 16, 32 and 64 bits respectively (C99)
uint_fast8_t uint_fast16_t uint_fast32_t uint_fast64_t	fastest unsigned integer type with width of at least 8, 16, 32 and 64 bits respectively (C99)
int_least8_t int_least16_t int_least32_t int_least64_t	smallest signed integer type with width of at least 8, 16, 32 and 64 bits respectively (C99)
uint_least8_t uint_least16_t uint_least32_t uint_least64_t	smallest unsigned integer type with width of at least 8, 16, 32 and 64 bits respectively (C99)
intmax_t	maximum width integer type (C99)
uintmax_t	maximum width unsigned integer type (C99)
intptr_t	integer type capable of holding a pointer (C99)
uintptr_t	unsigned integer type capable of holding a pointer (C99)

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C Library Header – stddef

The <stddef.h> header defines several standard definitions.

The <stddef.h> header shall define the following macro constants:

NULL	implementation-defined null pointer constant

The <stddef.h> header shall define the following function:

offsetof

byte offset from the beginning of a struct type to specified member (function macro)

The <stddef.h> header shall define the following type:

size_t	unsigned integer type returned by the sizeof operator
ptrdiff_t	signed integer type returned when subtracting two pointers
max_align_t	a type with alignment requirement as great as any other scalar type (C11)

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C Library Header – stdbool

The <stdbool.h> header defines Boolean data type.

The <stdbool.h> header shall define the following macros:

bool	_Bool
true	integer constant 1
false	integer constant 0
__bool_true_false_are_defined	integer constant 1.Specifies whether bool, true and false are defined

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C Library Header – stdatomic

<stdatomic.h> header is for atomic operations on data shared between threads.

The <stdatomic.h> header shall define the following macro constants:

ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT	initializes a new atomic_flag (C11)
ATOMIC_VAR_INIT	initializes a new atomic object (C11)
ATOMIC_BOOL_LOCK_FREE ATOMIC_CHAR_LOCK_FREE ATOMIC_CHAR16_T_LOCK_FREE ATOMIC_CHAR32_T_LOCK_FREE ATOMIC_WCHAR_T_LOCK_FREE ATOMIC_SHORT_LOCK_FREE ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE ATOMIC_LONG_LOCK_FREE ATOMIC_LLONG_LOCK_FREE ATOMIC_POINTER_LOCK_FREE	indicates that the given atomic type is lock-free (C11)
kill_dependency	breaks a dependency chain for memory_order_consume (C11)

The <stdatomic.h> header shall define the following functions:

atomic_flag_test_and_set atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit	sets an atomic_flag to true and returns the old value (C11)
atomic_flag_clear atomic_flag_clear_explicit	sets an atomic_flag to false (C11)
atomic_init	initializes an existing atomic object (C11)
atomic_is_lock_free	indicates whether the atomic object is lock-free (C11)
atomic_store atomic_store_explicit	stores a value in an atomic object (C11)
atomic_load atomic_load_explicit	reads a value from an atomic object (C11)
atomic_exchange atomic_exchange_explicit	swaps a value with the value of an atomic object (C11)
atomic_compare_exchange_strong atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit atomic_compare_exchange_weak atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit	swaps a value with the an atomic object if the old value is what is expected, otherwise reads the old value (C11)
atomic_fetch_add atomic_fetch_add_explicit	atomic addition (C11)
atomic_fetch_sub atomic_fetch_sub_explicit	atomic subtraction (C11)
atomic_fetch_or atomic_fetch_or_explicit	atomic logical OR (C11)
atomic_fetch_xor atomic_fetch_xor_explicit	atomic logical exclusive OR (C11)
atomic_fetch_and atomic_fetch_and_explicit	atomic logical AND (C11)
atomic_thread_fence	generic memory order-dependent fence synchronization primitive (C11)
atomic_signal_fence	fence between a thread and a signal handler executed in the same thread (C11)

The <stdatomic.h> header shall define the following type:

memory_order	defines memory ordering constraints (enum) (C11)
atomic_flag	lock-free atomic boolean flag (struct)(C11)
atomic_bool atomic_char atomic_schar atomic_uchar atomic_short atomic_ushort atomic_int atomic_uint atomic_long atomic_ulong atomic_llong atomic_ullong atomic_char16_t atomic_char32_t atomic_wchar_t atomic_int_least8_t atomic_uint_least8_t atomic_int_least16_t atomic_uint_least16_t atomic_int_least32_t atomic_uint_least32_t atomic_int_least64_t atomic_uint_least64_t atomic_int_fast8_t atomic_uint_fast8_t atomic_int_fast16_t atomic_uint_fast16_t atomic_int_fast32_t atomic_uint_fast32_t atomic_int_fast64_t atomic_uint_fast64_t atomic_intptr_t atomic_uintptr_t atomic_size_t atomic_ptrdiff_t atomic_intmax_t atomic_uintmax_t	Data type’s(C11)

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C Library Header – stdarg

<stdarg.h> header allows functions to accept an indefinite number of arguments.

The <stdarg.h> header shall define the following functions:

va_start	enables access to variadic function arguments (function macro)
va_arg	accesses the next variadic function argument (function macro)
va_copy	makes a copy of the variadic function arguments (function macro) (C99)
va_end	ends traversal of the variadic function arguments (function macro)

The <stdarg.h> header shall define the following type:

va_list

holds the information needed by va_start, va_arg, va_end, and va_copy

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C Library Header – stdalign

<stdalign.h> header is for querying and specifying the alignment of objects.

The <stdalign.h> header shall define the following macro constants:

alignas	convenience macro, expands to keyword _Alignas (C11)
alignof	convenience macro, expands to keyword _Alignof (C11)
__alignas_is_defined	expands to integer constant 1 (C11)
__alignof_is_defined	expands to integer constant 1 (C11)

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C Library Header – signal

The <signal.h> header provides a means to handle signals reported during a program's execution.

The <signal.h> header shall define the following macro constant:

SIG_DFL	default signal handling
SIG_IGN	The signal is ignored
SIG_ERR	error was encountered
SIGABRT	Signal Abort
SIGFPE	Signal Floating-Point Exception
SIGILL	Signal Illegal Instruction
SIGINT	Signal Interrupt
SIGSEGV	Signal Segmentation Violation
SIGTERM	Signal Terminate

The <signal.h> header shall define the following function:

signal	sets a signal handler for particular signal
raise	runs the signal handler for particular signal

The <signal.h> header shall define the following type:

sig_atomic_t

the integer type that can be accessed as an atomic entity from an asynchronous signal handler /td>

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C Library Header – setjmp

The <setjmp.h> header provide non-local jumps. The <setjmp.h> header is used for controlling low-level calls and returns to and from functions.

The <setjmp.h> header shall define the following functions:

setjmp	saves the context (function macro)
longjmp	jumps to specified location

The <setjmp.h> header shall define the following type:

jmp_buf

execution context type

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C Library Header – math

The <math.h> header defines several mathematic functions.

The <math.h> header shall define the following macro constants:

HUGE_VALF HUGE_VAL HUGE_VALL	indicates value too big to be representable (infinity) by float(C99), double and long double(C99) respectively
INFINITY	evaluates to positive infinity or the value guaranteed to overflow a float (C99)
NAN	Not a Number - evaluates to a quiet NaN of type float (C99)
math_errhandling	defines the error handling mechanism used by the common mathematical functions. (C99)
MATH_ERRNO MATH_ERREXCEPT	Bitmask value with the possible values math_errhandling can take. (C99)
FP_FAST_FM FP_FAST_FMAF FP_FAST_FMAL	Each, if defined, identifies for which type fma is at least as efficient as x*y+z. (C99)
FP_INFINITE FP_NAN FP_NORMAL FP_SUBNORMAL FP_ZERO	The possible values returned by fpclassify. (C99)
FP_ILOGB0 FP_ILOGBNAN	Special values the ilogb function may return. (C99)

The <math.h> header shall define the following functions:
Trigonometric functions:

sin sinf sinl	computes sine (sin(x)) . double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
cos cosf cosl	computes cosine (cos(x)) . double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
tan tanf tanl	computes tangent (tan(x)) . double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
asin asinf asinl	computes arc sine (arcsin(x)) . double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
acos acosf acosl	computes arc cosine (arccos(x)) . double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
atan atanf atanl	computes arc tangent (arctan(x)) . double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
atan2 atan2f atan2l	computes arc tangent, using signs to determine quadrants . double, float (C99) and long double (C99)

Hyperbolic functions:

sinh sinhf sinhl	computes hyperbolic sine (sh(x)) . double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
cosh coshf coshl	computes hyperbolic cosine (ch(x)) . double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
tanh tanhf tanhl	computes hyperbolic tangent . double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
asinh asinhf asinhl	computes inverse hyperbolic sine (arsinh(x)) (C99)
acosh acoshf acoshl	computes inverse hyperbolic cosine (arcosh(x)) (C99)
atanh atanhf atanhl	computes inverse hyperbolic tangent (artanh(x)) (C99)

Exponential and logarithmic functions:

exp expf expl	computes e raised to the given power (ex) . double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
exp2 exp2f exp2l	computes 2 raised to the given power (2x) . (C99)
expml expm1f expm1l	computes e raised to the given power, minus one (ex-1) . (C99)
log logf logl	computes natural (base-e) logarithm (ln(x)) . double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
log10 log10f log10l	computes common (base-10) logarithm (log10(x)) . double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
log2 log2f log2l	computes base-2 logarithm (log2(x)) . (C99)
log1p log1pf log1pl	computes natural (base-e) logarithm of 1 plus the given number (ln(1+x)) . (C99)

Power functions:

pow powf powl	computes a number raised to the given power (xy) . double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
sqrt sqrtf sqrtl	computes square root (√x) . double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
cbrt cbrtf cbrtl	computes cubic root (3√x) . (C99)
hypot hypotf hypotl	computes square root of the sum of the squares of two given numbers (√x2+y2) . (C99)

Error and gamma functions:

erf erff erfl	computes error function (C99)
erfc erfcf erfcl	computes complementary error function (C99)
tgamma tgammaf tgammal	computes gamma function (C99)
lgamma lgammaf lgammal	computes natural (base-e) logarithm of the gamma function (C99)

Nearest integer floating-point operations:

ceil ceilf ceill	computes smallest integer not less than the given value .double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
floor floorf floorl	computes largest integer not greater than the given value .double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
trunc truncf truncl	rounds to nearest integer not greater in magnitude than the given value (C99)
round lround llround	rounds to nearest integer, rounding away from zero in halfway cases (C99)
nearbyint nearbyintf nearbyintl	rounds to an integer using current rounding mode (C99)
rint rintf rintl lrint lrintf lrintl llrint llrintf llrintl	rounds to an integer using current rounding mode with exception if the result differs (C99)

Floating-point manipulation functions:

frexp frexpf frexpl	breaks a number into significand and a power of 2 .double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
ldexp ldexpf ldexpl	multiplies a number by 2 raised to a power .double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
modf modff modfl	breaks a number into integer and fractional parts .double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
scalbn scalbnf scalbnl scalbln scalblnf scalblnl	computes efficiently a number times FLT_RADIX raised to a power (C99)
ilogb ilogbf ilogbl	extracts exponent of the given number (C99)
logb logbf logbl	extracts exponent of the given number (C99)
nextafter nextafterf nextafterl nexttoward nexttowardf nexttowardl	determines next representable floating-point value towards the given value (C99)
copysign copysignf copysignl	produces a value with the magnitude of a given value and the sign of another given value (C99)

Basic operations:

fabs fabsf fabsl	computes absolute value of a floating-point value (|x|). double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
fmod fmodf fmodl	computes remainder of the floating-point division operation . double, float (C99) and long double (C99)
remainder remainderf remainderl	computes signed remainder of the floating-point division operation (C99)
remquo remquof remquol	computes signed remainder as well as the three last bits of the division operation (C99)
fma fmaf fmal	computes fused multiply-add operation (C99)
fmax fmaxf fmaxl	determines larger of two floating-point values (C99)
fmin fminf fminl	determines smaller of two floating-point values (C99)
fdim fdimf fdiml	determines positive difference of two floating-point values (max(0, x-y)) (C99)
nan nanf nanl	returns a NaN (not-a-number) (C99)

Classification and comparison:

fpclassify	classifies the given floating-point value (C99)
isfinite	checks if the given number has finite value (C99)
isinf	checks if the given number is infinite (C99)
isnan	checks if the given number is NaN (C99)
isnormal	checks if the given number is normal (C99)
signbit	checks if the given number is negative (C99)
isgreater	checks if the first floating-point argument is greater than the second (C99)
isgreaterequal	checks if the first floating-point argument is greater or equal than the second (C99)
isless	checks if the first floating-point argument is less than the second (C99)
islessequal	checks if the first floating-point argument is less or equal than the second (C99)
islessgreater	checks if the first floating-point argument is less or greater than the second (C99)
isunordered	checks if two floating-point values are unordered (C99)

The <math.h> header shall define the following types:

float_t	most efficient floating-point type at least as wide as float (C99)
double_t	most efficient floating-point type at least as wide as double (C99)

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C Library Header – locale

The <locale.h> header is useful for setting location specific information.

The <locale.h> header shall define the following functions:

setlocale	gets and sets the current C locale
localeconv	queries numeric and monetary formatting details of the current locale

The <locale.h> header shall define the following struct type:

lconv

formatting details, returned by localeconv

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C Library Header – limits

This header defines constants with the limits of fundamental integral types. These values are implementation-specific.

The <limits.h> header shall define the following macro constants:

CHAR_BIT	number of bits in byte
MB_LEN_MAX	maximum number of bytes in a multibyte character
CHAR_MIN	minimum value of char
CHAR_MAX	maximum value of char
SCHAR_MIN SHRT_MIN INT_MIN LONG_MIN LLONG_MIN	minimum value of signed char, short, int, long and long long(C99) respectively
SCHAR_MAX SHRT_MAX INT_MAX LONG_MAX LLONG_MAX	maximum value of signed char, short, int, long and long long(C99) respectively
UCHAR_MAX USHRT_MAX UINT_MAX ULONG_MAX ULLONG_MAX	maximum value of unsigned char, unsigned short, unsigned int, unsigned long and unsigned long long(C99) respectively

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C Library Header - iso646

Header <iso646.h> defines C alternative tokens. It refers to refer to a set of alternative spellings of common operators in C. The alternative tokens allow programmers to use C language bitwise and logical operators which could otherwise be hard to type on some international and non-QWERTY keyboards.

Alternative Spellings:

Primary	Alternative
&&	and
&=	and_eq
&	bitand
|	bitor
~	compl
!	not
!=	not_eq
||	or
|=	or_eq
^	xor
^=	xor_eq

Digraphs and trigraphs:

Primary	Digraph	Trigraph
{	<%	??<
}	%>	??>
[	<: td="">	??(
]	:>	??)
#	%:	??=
\		??/
^		??'
|		??!
~		??-

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C Library Header – inttypes

The <inttypes.h> header provides features that enhance the functionality of the types defined in <stdint.h>

Printf format string - The macros are in the format PRI{fmt}{type}. Here {fmt} defines the output formatting and is one of d (decimal), x (hexadecimal), o (octal), u (unsigned) and i (integer). {type} defines the type of the argument and is one of N, FASTN, LEASTN, PTR, MAX, where N corresponds to the number of bits in the argument.

Scanf format string - The macros are in the format SCN{fmt}{type}. Here {fmt} defines the output formatting and is one of d (decimal), x (hexadecimal), o (octal), u (unsigned) and i (integer). {type} defines the type of the argument and is one of N, FASTN, LEASTN, PTR, MAX, where N corresponds to the number of bits in the argument.

The <inttypes.h> header shall define the following macro constants:

PRIxMAX	printf specifier for intmax_t
PRIxN	printf specifier for intN_t
PRIxLEASTN	printf specifier for int_leastN_t
PRIxFASTN	printf specifier for int_fastN_t
PRIxPTR	printf specifier for intptr_t
SCNxMAX	scanf specifier for intmax_t
SCNxN	scanf specifier for intN_t
SCNxLEASTN	scanf specifier for int_leastN_t
SCNxFASTN	scanf specifier for int_fastN_t
SCNxPTR	scanf specifier for intptr_t

Where:
•    x is one of d, i, o,u or x (for the printf specifiers this can also be an uppercase X). The specifier assumes the type to be signed for i and d, and unsigned for o, u, x and X.
•    N is 8, 16, 32, 64, or any other type width supported by the library in <cstdint>.

The <inttypes.h> header shall define the following functions:

imaxabs	equivalent to abs for intmax_t
imaxdiv	equivalent to div for intmax_t
strtoimax	equivalent to strtol for intmax_t
strtoumax	equivalent to strtoul for uintmax_t
wcstoimax	equivalent to wcstol for intmax_t
wcstoumax	equivalent to wcstoul for uintmax_t

The <inttypes.h> header shall define the following type:

imaxdiv_t

Type returned by imaxdiv, which is the div_t equivalent for intmax_t

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C Library Header – float

<float.h> header describes the characteristics of floating types for the specific system.

The <float.h> header shall define the following macro constants:

FLT_RADIX	the radix (integer base) used by the representation of all three floating-point types
DECIMAL_DIG	number of decimal digits that can be converted to long double and back without losing precision(C99)
FLT_DECIMAL_DIG DBL_DECIMAL_DIG LDBL_DECIMAL_DIG	number of decimal digits such that any floating-point number can be rounded to a floating-point number with this many decimal digits and back again without change to the value. Defined to at least 6, 10, and 10 respectively. (C11)
FLT_MIN DBL_MIN LDBL_MIN	minimum normalized positive value of float, double, long double respectively
FLT_TRUE_MIN DBL_TRUE_MIN LDBL_TRUE_MIN	minimum positive value of float, double, long double respectively (C11)
FLT_MAX DBL_MAX LDBL_MAX	maximum finite value of float, double, long double, respectively
FLT_EPSILON DBL_EPSILON LDBL_EPSILON	difference between 1.0 and the next representable value for float, double and long double respectively
FLT_DIG DBL_DIG LDBL_DIG	number of decimal digits that can be represented without losing precision for float, double and long double respectively
FLT_MANT_DIG DBL_MANT_DIG LDBL_MANT_DIG	number of base-FLT_RADIX digits that are in the floating-point mantissa and that can be represented without losing precision for float, double and long double respectively
FLT_MIN_EXP DBL_MIN_EXP LDBL_MIN_EXP	minimum negative integer such that FLT_RADIX raised by power one less than that integer is a normalized float, double and long double respectively
FLT_MIN_10_EXP DBL_MIN_10_EXP LDBL_MIN_10_EXP	minimum negative integer such that 10 raised by power one less than that integer is a normalized float, double and long double respectively
FLT_MAX_EXP DBL_MAX_EXP LDBL_MAX_EXP	maximum positive integer such that FLT_RADIX raised by power one less than that integer is a normalized float, double and long double respectively
FLT_MAX_10_EXP DBL_MAX_10_EXP LDBL_MAX_10_EXP	maximum positive integer such that 10 raised by power one less than that integer is a normalized float, double and long double respectively
FLT_ROUNDS	rounding mode of floating-point arithmetics, equal to float_round_style
FLT_EVAL_METHOD	use of extended precision for intermediate results: 0 not used, 1 double is used instead of float, 2: long double is used (C99)
FLT_HAS_SUBNORM DBL_HAS_SUBNORM LDBL_HAS_SUBNORM	whether the type supports subnormal (denormal) numbers: -1 indeterminable, 0 absent, 1 present (C11)

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Related topics:
<assert.h>   |   <complex.h>   |   <ctype.h>   |   <errno.h>   |   <fenv.h>   |   Standard Library in C

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List of topics: C Programming

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